The regulatory Framework, governing environmental protection, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has released the draft Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 2025. The notification issued under the powers discussed by Sections 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has invited public comments and suggestions for the next 60 days before the confirmation of the rules.

The draft notification, which will come into force upon published in the Official Gazette, includes an amendment to Schedule I of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. This addition introduces a new note that could have a noteworthy impact on the existing thermal power generation infrastructure across the country.

Key Amendment to Cooling Tower Exemptions for Thermal Power Plants

The draft rule permits the possibility of exempting thermal power plants from the mandatory installation of cooling towers. The decision to exempt would rest with the Ministry, in consultation with the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and would be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Cooling towers are generally needed to minimize thermal pollution by cooling down the hot water used in power generation before being discharged into nearby water bodies. The suggested exemption has raised questions about its environmental implications, mainly regarding water resource management and thermal pollution controls.

Public Participation Invited

The government has laid emphasis on public participation in the rule making process. The power sector, citizens, environmental groups and stakeholders are encouraged to submit their objections or suggestions in writing to the MoEFCC Secretary within 60 days of availability of official notification in the Gazette. This partaking approach highlights the significance of democratic participation in shaping environmental rules. 

Stakeholder Reactions and Implications

While the amendments have been welcomed by sections of the energy industry seeking operational flexibility, it has already drawn attention from environmental regulators. Critics argue that any relaxation from the cooling tower mandate should be on the basis of clear scientific and environmental criteria, to confirm that such relaxation does not negotiate environmental standards or public health. Environmental experts stressed the requirement for strong monitoring and assessment protocols to mitigate the risks such as increased water temperatures and reduced oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystems.

This draft amendment is another step in India’s developing approach towards environmental regulation, which balances industrial requirements with ecological responsibilities. As the comment period progresses, it is expected to create active debate in the policy, environmental and energy sectors.